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Vine & Wine Glossary
A multimedia GLOSSARY to discover the "Vine & Wine" Technical Terms and build together a shared language!
Alcoholic Fermentation
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
The breakthrough!
Alcoholic fermentation is a biochemical process during which the sugars contained in the grape must (glucose and fructose) are transformed into alcohol by yeasts. some carbon dioxide is also released. Its duration depends on the wine type: for example it is around 20 days long for a red wine. During the alcoholic fermentation, 3 steps can be distinguished:
- Reassembly: the must at the bottom of the vat rises to the surface using a pump to provide the mount of oxygen needed by the yeasts
- Lifting: it speeds up the fermentation, thanks to a well-thought choice of yeast. The yeast that is usually used is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has a very good fermentation capacity
-Management and optimization of the fermentation
🔬Louis Pasteur demonstrated in the 1850s–1860s that alcoholic fermentation is caused by living microorganisms (yeast).
Spanish Translation
Phonetic transcription
Translated into Spanish as "fermentación alcohólica"
In English, it is pronounced /ælkəˈhɒlɪk ˌfɜːmɛnˈteɪʃᵊn/
Sources
Etymology
The word “alcohol” ultimately comes from the Arabic term al-kuḥl, which originally referred to a very fine powder.The word “fermentation” comes from Latin fermentatio, derived from fermentum, meaning “leaven” or “that which causes bread to rise".
Budburst
BUDBURST
Budburst (or bud-break) is the first stage in the vine's vegetative cycle. It marks the end of the winter resting period and corresponds to the moment when the buds, surrounded by their scales, begin to tip their leaves. Budburst can be divided into three distinct stages: woolly bud, green tip (the tip of the shoot can be observed), emergence of leaves gathered in a rosette. The date of budburst varies according to grape variety and vintage. It Is the temperature that initiates budburst. It takes about 10 days with average temperatures above 10°C to initiate budburst. This is a very important stage, which will condition part of the yield components such as the number of inflorescences. Once the vine has budded, it will be much more sensitive to frost. Every year, winegrowers hope to avoid frost after bud-break.
Historical Facts
19th century: scientific viticultureWith advances in plant science, budburst became a defined phenological stage (a stage in a plant’s life cycle tied to seasons).
Phonetic transcription
Spanish Translation
In English, it is pronounced /bʌd bɜːst/
Translated into Spanish as "brotación"
Etymology
🌱 “Bud”: comes from Old English budd, meaning a swelling or protuberance on a plant".💥 “Burst”: comes from Old English berstan, meaning to break suddenly, split open, or erupt.
Cane Pruning
Chenin
CANE PRUNING
Pruning is carried out when the vines are dormant, as soon as the leaves have fallen and the sap has run down until budburst.
There are three main principles to vine Cane pruning : sustainability - fruit-bearing - avoiding lengthening. Cane pruning the vine is the best way of limiting the spread of wood, as the vine is a vigorous plant that grows continuously.
Principle of cane pruning (double Guyot) : It consists of leaving two arms on the feet, each carrying a spur and a long stick. The long wood will be formed by the upper shoot and the renewal spur by the lower shoot. Non-free standing is necessary for this type of pruning.
Cane pruning has become a technique widely adopted and used by many vinegrowers throughout the world. The vineyards where this type of pruning is most common are Bordeaux and Charentes
Historical Facts
The Guyot method is named after Jules Guyot (1807–1872). In the mid-1800s, Guyot studied vineyards across France and sought to simplify and standardize pruning to improve both yield and grape quality. He introduced a system based on: -keeping one or two long canes (for fruiting), plus short renewal canes
Phonetic transcription
Spanish Translation
In English, it is pronounced /keɪn ˈpruːnɪŋ/
Translated into Spanish as "poda en vara"
Etymology
Etymologically, the phrase describes exactly what the technique does:selecting and trimming vine canes to manage growth and production.
CHENIN
Originally from France in the region of Anjou, Chenin is also called “Pineau blanc de la Loire” or “Chenin blanc”. It is renowned to be one of the most complex grape varieties in the world, and to be very adapted to Saumuroi, a famous region in Anjou.
It can be recognized by its medium to large sized clusters, its fruits are very round and small in size. As you can see, young leaves have bronze patches. Chenin is also characterized by an early budburst which makes it susceptible to spring frosts.
This grape variety appreciates the mild climate and can take on several faces depending on the terroir: the sands will bring lightness to the wines, the clays of the amplitude and intensity, and the limestones of the acidity.
Historical Facts
Medieval origins Chenin Blanc has been cultivated in the Loire since at least the 9th–10th centuries. One of the earliest known references comes from Thomas Bohier, who planted the grape around the 15th century at the estate of Château de Chenonceau. The grape likely takes its name from Mont Chenin, a hillside near this estate.
Disbudding
DISBUDDING
Disbudding consists of removing any supernumerary buds. It is carried out in the spring after budbreak. In general, the aim is to retain between 12 and 20 buds. These buds must be well-positioned on the spur or cane and fairly far apart. Double buds and suckers (buds located on old wood) are eliminated. Ideally, this should be done before the shoots reach 20 cm in length.
If the pruning has been carried out properly, the job is not too tedious and can be done quickly. It is important to carry out the operation at the right time and quickly, as it becomes more complicated to remove shoots once they have reached a length of over 20 cm. The aims of disbudding are to allow good ventilation of the canopy and to control yield..
20th century: scientific validation
Research in plant physiology confirmed that early removal of excess buds/shoots: -directs the vine’s energy into fewer, better-quality clusters, -improves light exposure and airflow, -reduces disease pressure. Disbudding became a standard part of canopy management, especially in high-quality wine production.
Spanish Translation
Phonetic transcription
Translated into Spanish as "desyemado"
In English, it is pronounced /dɪsˈbʌdɪŋ/
Etymology
The verb “to disbud” appeared in English in agricultural and horticultural contexts (including viticulture and animal husbandry) in the 18th–19th centuries, when more specialized farming vocabulary was developing..
Flowering
The flowering of the vine is a crucial stage of its growth cycle, marking the beginning of the formation of grape clusters. This delicate phase is strongly influenced by weather conditions, particularly temperature and humidity.
Flowering generally occurs in Spring, a few weeks after budburst. Vine flowers are hermaphrodite, meaning they have both male organs (stamens) and female organs (pistil). Pollination, essential for the formation of grapes, is generally carried out by wind or insects.
Successful flowering is crucial for producing quality grapes because it determines the number of berries that will develop in each cluster. Favorable weather conditions during flowering contribute to efficient fertilization and successful fruit set, ensuring the yield and quality potential of the grapes for the future harvest.
FLOWERING
Caption...
Goblet
Goblet V2
Gobelet
Goblet V3
Grafting techniques
gobLET
Etymology
Goblet vine training
The term “goblet” originates from the Old French gobelet, meaning “cup,” itself a diminutive of gobel, likely related to gobe, meaning “to gulp”
Also known as gobelet, bush vine, or head training—is an ancient, free-standing method of cultivating grapevines without the use of trellises. In this system, vines are pruned to form a short trunk with multiple arms radiating outward, creating a cup-like shape that promotes balanced canopy growth and natural shade for grape clusters. This technique is particularly effective in hot, arid regions, as it minimizes leaf surface area, reducing water loss and shielding grapes from excessive sun exposure .
Spanish Translation
Translated into Spanish as "vaso" or "conduccion en vaso"
Phonetic transcription
Sources
In English, it is pronounced /ˈɡɒblɪt/
Historical fact
Historically, goblet training dates back to ancient Greek and Roman viticulture and remains prevalent in Mediterranean areas such as southern France (e.g., Beaujolais, Languedoc), Italy, and Spain . In the New World, it was widely adopted in California between the 1850s and 1920s and continues to be used in regions like Australia and South Africa for drought-resistant, low-intervention farming .
Etymology
gRAFTING TECHNIQUES
Middle English: graften or graften (14th century), meaning "to insert a scion into another plant."Old French: gref(f)er, from gref(f)e meaning "graft, stylus"—referring to something inserted. Late Latin: graphium, meaning "stylus, pointed instrument," and earlier "writing tool", from Greek γράφειν (graphein), meaning "to write.
Winegrowers apply grafting techniques to merge different plant segments together for growth as a unified living organism. The technique in viticulture joins scion structures above ground to rootstock structures in the underground system. The solution to the phylloxera crisis in the 19th century which caused massive destruction of European vineyards resulted in the widespread adoption of this horticultural practice. The phylloxera-resistant American rootstocks received Vitis vinifera grafts from grape growers as their solution to the phylloxera problem. The three primary grafting methods in use today are the cleft graft, omega graft and chip-budding. The selection of rootstock affects the ability of the plant to fight diseases and its compatibility with different soil types and the strength of the vine. Through grafting, growers can easily switch grape varieties without requiring the vine to be uprooted because they need only attach the new cultivar to the existing vine. The long-term survival and adaptability of vineyards depend on the essential techniques of grafting.
Phonetic transcription
In English, it is pronounced /ˈɡrɑːftɪŋ /
Spanish Translation
Translated into Spanish as "injerto"
Sources
Additional resources
https://en.assolesvieillesbranches.com/3-greffage-et-reconstitution
Hybridization
HYBRIDIZATION
Etymology
Hybridization is the process of crossing two different grape varieties or species to produce a new plant that inherits characteristics from both parents. In viticulture, hybridization is often used to develop vines that are more resistant to diseases, pests, or environmental stresses, while maintaining desirable traits like flavor and yield. Hybrids can occur naturally or through human intervention. Historically, after the phylloxera crisis in the 19th century, hybrid grapes became essential in saving European vineyards. Today, hybrids are gaining renewed interest, particularly in sustainable viticulture, as they offer natural resilience without heavy chemical inputs. Famous hybrid varieties include Vidal Blanc and Chambourcin.
From Latin "hybrida": originally referred to the offspring of a tame sow and a wild boar. Later adopted in biology (18th-19th century) to refer to the cross-breeding of different species or varieties.
Spanish Translation
Translated into Spanish as "Hibridacion"
Phonetic transcription
Sources
In English, it is pronounced /ˌhaɪbrɪdaɪˈzeɪʃᵊn/
Key steps
1. Parent vines are chosen for specific traits like disease resistance or flavor.2. Flowers of the two plants are crossed manually to combine traits. 3. Seeds from the cross are collected and grown into young plants. 4. Young vines are observed carefully for the best characteristics. 5. The most successful hybrids are selected and multiplied
Malbec
Mating Disruption
"Grape stock for winemaking. It is a variety that comes from the cross between prunelard and magdeleine noire des Charentes.
Liana, perennial, belonging to the family of Vitis Vinifera sp sativa.
Its fruit is a berry of red color that grow in the clusters.
Origin: France. It is the main varietal of the AOP of Cahors, at least 70% of the content of the AOP Cahors wines must contain Malbec.
It's highly cultivated in Argentina (25,000 hectares) and Chile (6.000 hectares).
It produces colorful wines, very rich in tannins. It thrives in clay-limestone soils. Sensitive to humidity, it adapts very well to dry heat.
In Mendoza, Argentina, it is grown preferably at altitude, often more than a thousand meters above sea level, on very stony soils, and with greater thermal amplitude, than in the plains. The aromatic Malbec wines offer notes of black and violet fruits, cherries, blackberries, fine spices and licorice.
MALBEC
Malbec's Profile
Mating disruption is a collective biotechnical control method against grape budworms. The principle of the technique is to disrupt the mating phase of male and female butterflies by emitting large quantities of synthetic pheromones. These pheromones reproduce the natural substance emitted by the female to attract the male. In an atmosphere saturated with pheromones, the males are unable to locate the females and mating is reduced. The result is fewer eggs, fewer caterpillars and consequently less damage to the grapes. Technics of sexual confusion present lots of advantages : non-toxic for the user (but still requires gloves to be worn when applying the sprays), respect of auxiliary fauna, no residues on the grapes and respect of the environment.
MATING DISRUPTION
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Pergola
Pergola is a type of vine pruning. It is rather used for table grapes than wine grapes. This technique comes from the Romans and is used in the Mediterranean regionS. The pergola allows the vine to grow up to 2m in height using a metal structure. The vine is a liana, so it needs support. Then the vine grows horizontally. In a plot where the vine is driven in pergola, the external rows are different from those internal. Indeed, on the external row, the vine has two arms facing the middle row to cover the surface and bind to the vine of the intermediate row. The middle row vine has two arms on the left and two arms on the right. Then this pruning has disadvantages and advantages that are explained in the video.
PERGOLA
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Riesling
Rootstock
Riesling is a GRAPE VARTIETY originating from the Moselle and the Rhône valley, cultivated since the arrival of Romans in Northern France. It is a cross breeding between Gouais B, and another cross of Traminer B with a wild vine. Riesling is mainly located in Germany, but also widely cultivated in France and the USA. This variety needs a long vine training system with trellising. It produces the best wines on schists and granites. For the weather, Riesling needs a cool climate and it is resistant to really cold winters. This white grape variety produces mineral wines with a good acidity and complexity. On the nose, young wines are fruit driven, but older ones present a strong rubber flavor. Riesling can also produce sweet white wines with late harvests.
RIESLING
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It is part of the vine below the surface of the soil. It is genetically different from the scion, and they are linked by the grafting point. It represents the vine's root system. Historically, rootstocks were created to combat phylloxera, which was decimating European vines. But there are many different rootstock species and hybrids, and each has its own particular characteristics, such as adaptation to chalky soil, resistance to nematodes and resistance to dry conditions, so it is an important feature to take into account before planting a vineyard. Most rootstocks are American vines or American-European hybrids, because they are resistant to phylloxera, unlike Asian or European vines. The most widely planted rootstock is SO4 = Selection Oppenheimer 4, a hybrid between Vitis riparia and Vitis berlandieri.
ROOTSTOCK
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Stilt Driving
"Stilt driving" in vineyards is a method involving the use of stilts for vineyard management, particularly in terraced or sloped landscapes.
This technique enables workers to deal with challenging topography while conducting tasks such as pruning and harvesting.
By utilizing stilts, laborers gain an elevated position, enhancing visibility and facilitating efficient grapevine maintenance.
This method is especially beneficial in vineyards with uneven terrain, where conventional machinery may be impractical.
Stilt driving is rooted in tradition, offering a practical solution to the complexities of managing vineyards on diverse landscapes.
This nuanced approach underscores the blend of craftsmanship and adaptability in viticulture, ensuring meticulous care for grapevines in conditions that demand a unique and technical skill set.
STILT DRIVING
Stilt Driving before and after pruning
Trellising
Trimming
Trellising is a vine training method that consists of lifting the vine and tying the leaves by placing the shoots on the wires in order to arrange them. The objective is therefore to support the vegetation, avoid overcrowding and vine shoot breakage and ensure that the grapes are exposed to light and aired. Moreover it allows a better interception of the plant protection products, which can decrease the total amount of products that is used.
It is usually realized in june / July and preceded by the raising of the vines. To realize the trellising efficiently, it is important to select the good lifting wires, that have to be mechanically strong, and the stakes.
TRELLISING
trimming
Trimming is a viticultural technique that allows to optimize the leaf surface area exposure to the sun and to facilitate the vinegrower work because the access to the vines is facilitated. By work, we mean that it is easier to prune the vines and raise the canes. Trimming is an interesting method in the face of climate change as it reduces the exposure of the bunches to the sun or the alcoholic degree when it is done properly. However, too much trimming can reduce the yield and quality of the grapes. Trimming requires mechanical action. It is done using a specific machine called a "trimming machine".
Trimming & Alcoholic Degrees
Variety
Veraison
VARIETY
Etymology
A grapevine variety, also known as a grape variety or cultivar, is a distinct type of Vitis vinifera (or other Vitis species) that possesses unique genetic, morphological, and oenological characteristics. Each variety differs in traits such as berry color, cluster shape, ripening time, disease resistance, and the flavor profile it imparts to the wine. These differences are the result of centuries of natural selection, crossbreeding, and clonal selection by growers and winemakers. The scientific study of grapevine varieties is known as ampelography, which plays a crucial role in identifying, classifying, and preserving them. Grapevine varieties are classified according to their use—wine grapes, table grapes, or raisins—and can be further distinguished by their geographic origin or adaptation to specific terroirs. Well-known examples include Chardonnay, Syrah, and Sangiovese, but thousands of lesser-known or indigenous varieties also contribute to the diversity of global viticulture.
The word "variety" comes from the Latin varietas, meaning "difference, diversity," from varius, meaning "different, diverse, various."
Spanish Translation
Translated into Spanish as "Variedad"
Sources
Phonetic transcription
In English, it is pronounced vəˈraɪəti
"Variety" vs "Cultivar
- "Variety" traditionally referred to naturally occurring sub-groups within a species.
- "Cultivar" (from "cultivated variety") is a more precise modern term in agriculture and horticulture, used for human-selected and propagated plants, like most grapevine types.
- In viticulture, though "cultivar" is technically more accurate, "variety" remains the standard and widely accepted term.
Veraison is the phonological stage of the vine which results in a change in berry color. Berries that were green before veraison take on the color they will have when ripe. This stage also results in a softening of the berry.
Veraison is asynchronous. Each berry evolves independently of the others. This is due to different fertilization dates, berry exposure to the sun and soil resources. This process takes about 15 days, and is considered to have been reached when 50% of the berries have changed color. Inside the berry, the color change is due to the production and accumulation of anthocyanins, with a significant accumulation of sugars in the berry while malic acid begins to decrease. In the northern hemisphere, this will be around the end of July and August, and between the end of January and February in the southern hemisphere.
VERAISON
Weed Management
Weed management is very important for vine production. In fact, if weeds are too present, they compete with the vine, particularly for water and mineral elements.
Several methods are possible for managing weeds :
-Ground work, by moving the ground to bury the weeds. Many tools are possible : plow, intercep, weeder,... it is called mechanical weeding.
- Chemical weeding : which consists of spraying products, weedkiller, on weeds in the plot.
-Plant cover crop : the different species of plants will compete with weeds, there will be a suffocation effect. Combining mechanical and chemical methods makes it possible to have more efficiency while preserving the environment because the doses are reduced.
In the vineyard of Sancerre, we use a lot of dicots : amaranthus, chenopodium, geranium, senecio, thistle, bindweed,... and monocots too : rye-grass, elytrigia repens, vulpia and annual bluegrass for the most common.
weed management
Caption 1...
NEBBIOLO is the superstar grape variety behind the top-quality red wines across northwestern Italy. Nebbiolo wines are often distinctively perfumed with an aroma described as "tar and roses"
"A bottle of wine contains more philosophy than all the books in the world" Louis Pasteur
Rootstock By Corentin & Pedro_IA2A VO_2023-2024
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Historical fact
Goblet training remains prevalent in Mediterranean areas such as southern France (e.g., Beaujolais, Languedoc), Italy, and Spain . In the New World, it was widely adopted in California between the 1850s and 1920s and continues to be used in regions like Australia and South Africa for drought-resistant, low-intervention farming .
"Wine rejoices the heart of man and JOY is the mother of all virtues" Wolfgang Von Goethe
The sweetness of wine is REDUCED when you chill it. Red wine, however, loses its fruity flavour if it becomes too warm
Sources
- winefolly.com
- cella
- binivista.com
- etymologyonline.com
- tophonetics.com
Trellising By Antonin & Clotilde_IA2A VO_2023-2024
Gobelet By Anna & Ewen_IA2A VO_2022-2023
Riesling By David & Gervais_IA2A VO_2023-2024
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Screw caps on wine bottles were popularised in Australia and New ZEALAND.
Stilt Driving By Yohan & Guillaume_LP PVIEE_2023-2024
"Every EMPTY bottle is filled with stories" Unknown
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"Wine is sunlight HELD together by water" Galileo Galilei
Trimming By Vincent & Arthur_LP PVIEE_2023-2024
Flowering By Adrien & Félix_LP PVIEE_2023-2024
More information
In this system, vines are pruned to form a short trunk with multiple arms radiating outward, creating a cup-like shape that promotes balanced canopy growth and natural shade for grape clusters. 💡This technique is particularly effective in hot, arid regions, as it minimizes leaf surface area, reducing water loss and shielding grapes from excessive sun exposure .
Sources
- winefolly.com
- cellarpass.com
- binivista.com
- etymologyonline.com
- tophonetics.com
"I drink to make other people more INTERESTING" Ernest Hemingway
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Weed Management By Célia & Léo Paul_LP PVIEE_2023-2024
Mating Disruption By Margaux & Zoé_LP PVIEE_2023-2024
Malbec By Corentin & Pedro_IA2A VO_2023-2024
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Veraison By David & Gervais_IA2A VO_2023-2024
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You need to DRINK 7 glasses of orange juice or 20 glasses of apple juice in order to get the same amount of antioxidants as in wine.
In 2016, white wine outsold red wine in the UNITED KINGDOM.
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"Be careful to TRUST a person who does not like wine" Karl Marx
"Men are like wine - some turn to VINEGAR but the best improve with age" Pope John XXIII
QUAGLIANO. An Italian red variety often used in low alcohol still and sparkling wines
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Pergola By Zoé, Emilien & Sébastien_IA2A VO_2023-2024
"Wine brings to light the hidden secrets of the SOUL" Horace
Sources
- winefolly.com
- cellarpass.com
- binivista.com
- etymologyonline.com
- tophonetics.com
"Beer is made by men and wine by GOD" Martin Luther
"Good wine is a good FAMILIAR creature if it is well used" William Shakespeare
Sources
- winefolly.com
- cellarpass.com
- binivista.com
- etymologyonline.com
- tophonetics.com
Gobelet By Anna & Ewen_IA2A VO_2022-2023
Gobelet By Anna & Ewen_IA2A VO_2022-2023
"Wine is bottled POETRY" Robert Louis Stevenson
"Wine is the most CIVILISED thing in the world" Ernest Hemingway
"More wine, less WHINE" Anonymous
A glass of good wine has a LENGTHY, more LINGERING aftertaste.
As fungi, YEASTS are eukaryotic organisms. They typically are about 0.075 mm (0.003 inch) in diameter and have many forms, from spherical to egg-shaped to filamentous.
In the MIDDLE AGES, churches and monasteries produced the bulk of wines available
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The world’s OLDEST bottle of wine was found near the town of Speyer, Germany. It dates before to A.D. 325
XNISTERI – A white grape variety from Cypress
There are a KNOWN 10,000 grape varieties throughout the world
Gobelet By Anna & Ewen_IA2A VO_2022-2023
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There are approximately 400 species of oak, but only 20 of them are used in making oak BARRELS.
Sources
- winefolly.com
- cellarpass.com
- binivista.com
- etymologyonline.com
- tophonetics.com
Vine & Wine Glossary
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Click on for extra info Click on each letter to access the list of technical terms
Vine & Wine Glossary
A multimedia GLOSSARY to discover the "Vine & Wine" Technical Terms and build together a shared language!
Alcoholic Fermentation
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
The breakthrough!
Alcoholic fermentation is a biochemical process during which the sugars contained in the grape must (glucose and fructose) are transformed into alcohol by yeasts. some carbon dioxide is also released. Its duration depends on the wine type: for example it is around 20 days long for a red wine. During the alcoholic fermentation, 3 steps can be distinguished: - Reassembly: the must at the bottom of the vat rises to the surface using a pump to provide the mount of oxygen needed by the yeasts - Lifting: it speeds up the fermentation, thanks to a well-thought choice of yeast. The yeast that is usually used is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has a very good fermentation capacity -Management and optimization of the fermentation
🔬Louis Pasteur demonstrated in the 1850s–1860s that alcoholic fermentation is caused by living microorganisms (yeast).
Spanish Translation
Phonetic transcription
Translated into Spanish as "fermentación alcohólica"
In English, it is pronounced /ælkəˈhɒlɪk ˌfɜːmɛnˈteɪʃᵊn/
Sources
Etymology
The word “alcohol” ultimately comes from the Arabic term al-kuḥl, which originally referred to a very fine powder.The word “fermentation” comes from Latin fermentatio, derived from fermentum, meaning “leaven” or “that which causes bread to rise".
Budburst
BUDBURST
Budburst (or bud-break) is the first stage in the vine's vegetative cycle. It marks the end of the winter resting period and corresponds to the moment when the buds, surrounded by their scales, begin to tip their leaves. Budburst can be divided into three distinct stages: woolly bud, green tip (the tip of the shoot can be observed), emergence of leaves gathered in a rosette. The date of budburst varies according to grape variety and vintage. It Is the temperature that initiates budburst. It takes about 10 days with average temperatures above 10°C to initiate budburst. This is a very important stage, which will condition part of the yield components such as the number of inflorescences. Once the vine has budded, it will be much more sensitive to frost. Every year, winegrowers hope to avoid frost after bud-break.
Historical Facts
19th century: scientific viticultureWith advances in plant science, budburst became a defined phenological stage (a stage in a plant’s life cycle tied to seasons).
Phonetic transcription
Spanish Translation
In English, it is pronounced /bʌd bɜːst/
Translated into Spanish as "brotación"
Etymology
🌱 “Bud”: comes from Old English budd, meaning a swelling or protuberance on a plant".💥 “Burst”: comes from Old English berstan, meaning to break suddenly, split open, or erupt.
Cane Pruning
Chenin
CANE PRUNING
Pruning is carried out when the vines are dormant, as soon as the leaves have fallen and the sap has run down until budburst. There are three main principles to vine Cane pruning : sustainability - fruit-bearing - avoiding lengthening. Cane pruning the vine is the best way of limiting the spread of wood, as the vine is a vigorous plant that grows continuously. Principle of cane pruning (double Guyot) : It consists of leaving two arms on the feet, each carrying a spur and a long stick. The long wood will be formed by the upper shoot and the renewal spur by the lower shoot. Non-free standing is necessary for this type of pruning. Cane pruning has become a technique widely adopted and used by many vinegrowers throughout the world. The vineyards where this type of pruning is most common are Bordeaux and Charentes
Historical Facts
The Guyot method is named after Jules Guyot (1807–1872). In the mid-1800s, Guyot studied vineyards across France and sought to simplify and standardize pruning to improve both yield and grape quality. He introduced a system based on: -keeping one or two long canes (for fruiting), plus short renewal canes
Phonetic transcription
Spanish Translation
In English, it is pronounced /keɪn ˈpruːnɪŋ/
Translated into Spanish as "poda en vara"
Etymology
Etymologically, the phrase describes exactly what the technique does:selecting and trimming vine canes to manage growth and production.
CHENIN
Originally from France in the region of Anjou, Chenin is also called “Pineau blanc de la Loire” or “Chenin blanc”. It is renowned to be one of the most complex grape varieties in the world, and to be very adapted to Saumuroi, a famous region in Anjou. It can be recognized by its medium to large sized clusters, its fruits are very round and small in size. As you can see, young leaves have bronze patches. Chenin is also characterized by an early budburst which makes it susceptible to spring frosts. This grape variety appreciates the mild climate and can take on several faces depending on the terroir: the sands will bring lightness to the wines, the clays of the amplitude and intensity, and the limestones of the acidity.
Historical Facts
Medieval origins Chenin Blanc has been cultivated in the Loire since at least the 9th–10th centuries. One of the earliest known references comes from Thomas Bohier, who planted the grape around the 15th century at the estate of Château de Chenonceau. The grape likely takes its name from Mont Chenin, a hillside near this estate.
Disbudding
DISBUDDING
Disbudding consists of removing any supernumerary buds. It is carried out in the spring after budbreak. In general, the aim is to retain between 12 and 20 buds. These buds must be well-positioned on the spur or cane and fairly far apart. Double buds and suckers (buds located on old wood) are eliminated. Ideally, this should be done before the shoots reach 20 cm in length. If the pruning has been carried out properly, the job is not too tedious and can be done quickly. It is important to carry out the operation at the right time and quickly, as it becomes more complicated to remove shoots once they have reached a length of over 20 cm. The aims of disbudding are to allow good ventilation of the canopy and to control yield..
20th century: scientific validation
Research in plant physiology confirmed that early removal of excess buds/shoots: -directs the vine’s energy into fewer, better-quality clusters, -improves light exposure and airflow, -reduces disease pressure. Disbudding became a standard part of canopy management, especially in high-quality wine production.
Spanish Translation
Phonetic transcription
Translated into Spanish as "desyemado"
In English, it is pronounced /dɪsˈbʌdɪŋ/
Etymology
The verb “to disbud” appeared in English in agricultural and horticultural contexts (including viticulture and animal husbandry) in the 18th–19th centuries, when more specialized farming vocabulary was developing..
Flowering
The flowering of the vine is a crucial stage of its growth cycle, marking the beginning of the formation of grape clusters. This delicate phase is strongly influenced by weather conditions, particularly temperature and humidity. Flowering generally occurs in Spring, a few weeks after budburst. Vine flowers are hermaphrodite, meaning they have both male organs (stamens) and female organs (pistil). Pollination, essential for the formation of grapes, is generally carried out by wind or insects. Successful flowering is crucial for producing quality grapes because it determines the number of berries that will develop in each cluster. Favorable weather conditions during flowering contribute to efficient fertilization and successful fruit set, ensuring the yield and quality potential of the grapes for the future harvest.
FLOWERING
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Goblet
Goblet V2
Gobelet
Goblet V3
Grafting techniques
gobLET
Etymology
Goblet vine training
The term “goblet” originates from the Old French gobelet, meaning “cup,” itself a diminutive of gobel, likely related to gobe, meaning “to gulp”
Also known as gobelet, bush vine, or head training—is an ancient, free-standing method of cultivating grapevines without the use of trellises. In this system, vines are pruned to form a short trunk with multiple arms radiating outward, creating a cup-like shape that promotes balanced canopy growth and natural shade for grape clusters. This technique is particularly effective in hot, arid regions, as it minimizes leaf surface area, reducing water loss and shielding grapes from excessive sun exposure .
Spanish Translation
Translated into Spanish as "vaso" or "conduccion en vaso"
Phonetic transcription
Sources
In English, it is pronounced /ˈɡɒblɪt/
Historical fact
Historically, goblet training dates back to ancient Greek and Roman viticulture and remains prevalent in Mediterranean areas such as southern France (e.g., Beaujolais, Languedoc), Italy, and Spain . In the New World, it was widely adopted in California between the 1850s and 1920s and continues to be used in regions like Australia and South Africa for drought-resistant, low-intervention farming .
Etymology
gRAFTING TECHNIQUES
Middle English: graften or graften (14th century), meaning "to insert a scion into another plant."Old French: gref(f)er, from gref(f)e meaning "graft, stylus"—referring to something inserted. Late Latin: graphium, meaning "stylus, pointed instrument," and earlier "writing tool", from Greek γράφειν (graphein), meaning "to write.
Winegrowers apply grafting techniques to merge different plant segments together for growth as a unified living organism. The technique in viticulture joins scion structures above ground to rootstock structures in the underground system. The solution to the phylloxera crisis in the 19th century which caused massive destruction of European vineyards resulted in the widespread adoption of this horticultural practice. The phylloxera-resistant American rootstocks received Vitis vinifera grafts from grape growers as their solution to the phylloxera problem. The three primary grafting methods in use today are the cleft graft, omega graft and chip-budding. The selection of rootstock affects the ability of the plant to fight diseases and its compatibility with different soil types and the strength of the vine. Through grafting, growers can easily switch grape varieties without requiring the vine to be uprooted because they need only attach the new cultivar to the existing vine. The long-term survival and adaptability of vineyards depend on the essential techniques of grafting.
Phonetic transcription
In English, it is pronounced /ˈɡrɑːftɪŋ /
Spanish Translation
Translated into Spanish as "injerto"
Sources
Additional resources
https://en.assolesvieillesbranches.com/3-greffage-et-reconstitution
Hybridization
HYBRIDIZATION
Etymology
Hybridization is the process of crossing two different grape varieties or species to produce a new plant that inherits characteristics from both parents. In viticulture, hybridization is often used to develop vines that are more resistant to diseases, pests, or environmental stresses, while maintaining desirable traits like flavor and yield. Hybrids can occur naturally or through human intervention. Historically, after the phylloxera crisis in the 19th century, hybrid grapes became essential in saving European vineyards. Today, hybrids are gaining renewed interest, particularly in sustainable viticulture, as they offer natural resilience without heavy chemical inputs. Famous hybrid varieties include Vidal Blanc and Chambourcin.
From Latin "hybrida": originally referred to the offspring of a tame sow and a wild boar. Later adopted in biology (18th-19th century) to refer to the cross-breeding of different species or varieties.
Spanish Translation
Translated into Spanish as "Hibridacion"
Phonetic transcription
Sources
In English, it is pronounced /ˌhaɪbrɪdaɪˈzeɪʃᵊn/
Key steps
1. Parent vines are chosen for specific traits like disease resistance or flavor.2. Flowers of the two plants are crossed manually to combine traits. 3. Seeds from the cross are collected and grown into young plants. 4. Young vines are observed carefully for the best characteristics. 5. The most successful hybrids are selected and multiplied
Malbec
Mating Disruption
"Grape stock for winemaking. It is a variety that comes from the cross between prunelard and magdeleine noire des Charentes. Liana, perennial, belonging to the family of Vitis Vinifera sp sativa. Its fruit is a berry of red color that grow in the clusters. Origin: France. It is the main varietal of the AOP of Cahors, at least 70% of the content of the AOP Cahors wines must contain Malbec. It's highly cultivated in Argentina (25,000 hectares) and Chile (6.000 hectares). It produces colorful wines, very rich in tannins. It thrives in clay-limestone soils. Sensitive to humidity, it adapts very well to dry heat. In Mendoza, Argentina, it is grown preferably at altitude, often more than a thousand meters above sea level, on very stony soils, and with greater thermal amplitude, than in the plains. The aromatic Malbec wines offer notes of black and violet fruits, cherries, blackberries, fine spices and licorice.
MALBEC
Malbec's Profile
Mating disruption is a collective biotechnical control method against grape budworms. The principle of the technique is to disrupt the mating phase of male and female butterflies by emitting large quantities of synthetic pheromones. These pheromones reproduce the natural substance emitted by the female to attract the male. In an atmosphere saturated with pheromones, the males are unable to locate the females and mating is reduced. The result is fewer eggs, fewer caterpillars and consequently less damage to the grapes. Technics of sexual confusion present lots of advantages : non-toxic for the user (but still requires gloves to be worn when applying the sprays), respect of auxiliary fauna, no residues on the grapes and respect of the environment.
MATING DISRUPTION
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Pergola
Pergola is a type of vine pruning. It is rather used for table grapes than wine grapes. This technique comes from the Romans and is used in the Mediterranean regionS. The pergola allows the vine to grow up to 2m in height using a metal structure. The vine is a liana, so it needs support. Then the vine grows horizontally. In a plot where the vine is driven in pergola, the external rows are different from those internal. Indeed, on the external row, the vine has two arms facing the middle row to cover the surface and bind to the vine of the intermediate row. The middle row vine has two arms on the left and two arms on the right. Then this pruning has disadvantages and advantages that are explained in the video.
PERGOLA
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Riesling
Rootstock
Riesling is a GRAPE VARTIETY originating from the Moselle and the Rhône valley, cultivated since the arrival of Romans in Northern France. It is a cross breeding between Gouais B, and another cross of Traminer B with a wild vine. Riesling is mainly located in Germany, but also widely cultivated in France and the USA. This variety needs a long vine training system with trellising. It produces the best wines on schists and granites. For the weather, Riesling needs a cool climate and it is resistant to really cold winters. This white grape variety produces mineral wines with a good acidity and complexity. On the nose, young wines are fruit driven, but older ones present a strong rubber flavor. Riesling can also produce sweet white wines with late harvests.
RIESLING
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It is part of the vine below the surface of the soil. It is genetically different from the scion, and they are linked by the grafting point. It represents the vine's root system. Historically, rootstocks were created to combat phylloxera, which was decimating European vines. But there are many different rootstock species and hybrids, and each has its own particular characteristics, such as adaptation to chalky soil, resistance to nematodes and resistance to dry conditions, so it is an important feature to take into account before planting a vineyard. Most rootstocks are American vines or American-European hybrids, because they are resistant to phylloxera, unlike Asian or European vines. The most widely planted rootstock is SO4 = Selection Oppenheimer 4, a hybrid between Vitis riparia and Vitis berlandieri.
ROOTSTOCK
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Stilt Driving
"Stilt driving" in vineyards is a method involving the use of stilts for vineyard management, particularly in terraced or sloped landscapes. This technique enables workers to deal with challenging topography while conducting tasks such as pruning and harvesting. By utilizing stilts, laborers gain an elevated position, enhancing visibility and facilitating efficient grapevine maintenance. This method is especially beneficial in vineyards with uneven terrain, where conventional machinery may be impractical. Stilt driving is rooted in tradition, offering a practical solution to the complexities of managing vineyards on diverse landscapes. This nuanced approach underscores the blend of craftsmanship and adaptability in viticulture, ensuring meticulous care for grapevines in conditions that demand a unique and technical skill set.
STILT DRIVING
Stilt Driving before and after pruning
Trellising
Trimming
Trellising is a vine training method that consists of lifting the vine and tying the leaves by placing the shoots on the wires in order to arrange them. The objective is therefore to support the vegetation, avoid overcrowding and vine shoot breakage and ensure that the grapes are exposed to light and aired. Moreover it allows a better interception of the plant protection products, which can decrease the total amount of products that is used. It is usually realized in june / July and preceded by the raising of the vines. To realize the trellising efficiently, it is important to select the good lifting wires, that have to be mechanically strong, and the stakes.
TRELLISING
trimming
Trimming is a viticultural technique that allows to optimize the leaf surface area exposure to the sun and to facilitate the vinegrower work because the access to the vines is facilitated. By work, we mean that it is easier to prune the vines and raise the canes. Trimming is an interesting method in the face of climate change as it reduces the exposure of the bunches to the sun or the alcoholic degree when it is done properly. However, too much trimming can reduce the yield and quality of the grapes. Trimming requires mechanical action. It is done using a specific machine called a "trimming machine".
Trimming & Alcoholic Degrees
Variety
Veraison
VARIETY
Etymology
A grapevine variety, also known as a grape variety or cultivar, is a distinct type of Vitis vinifera (or other Vitis species) that possesses unique genetic, morphological, and oenological characteristics. Each variety differs in traits such as berry color, cluster shape, ripening time, disease resistance, and the flavor profile it imparts to the wine. These differences are the result of centuries of natural selection, crossbreeding, and clonal selection by growers and winemakers. The scientific study of grapevine varieties is known as ampelography, which plays a crucial role in identifying, classifying, and preserving them. Grapevine varieties are classified according to their use—wine grapes, table grapes, or raisins—and can be further distinguished by their geographic origin or adaptation to specific terroirs. Well-known examples include Chardonnay, Syrah, and Sangiovese, but thousands of lesser-known or indigenous varieties also contribute to the diversity of global viticulture.
The word "variety" comes from the Latin varietas, meaning "difference, diversity," from varius, meaning "different, diverse, various."
Spanish Translation
Translated into Spanish as "Variedad"
Sources
Phonetic transcription
In English, it is pronounced vəˈraɪəti
"Variety" vs "Cultivar
Veraison is the phonological stage of the vine which results in a change in berry color. Berries that were green before veraison take on the color they will have when ripe. This stage also results in a softening of the berry. Veraison is asynchronous. Each berry evolves independently of the others. This is due to different fertilization dates, berry exposure to the sun and soil resources. This process takes about 15 days, and is considered to have been reached when 50% of the berries have changed color. Inside the berry, the color change is due to the production and accumulation of anthocyanins, with a significant accumulation of sugars in the berry while malic acid begins to decrease. In the northern hemisphere, this will be around the end of July and August, and between the end of January and February in the southern hemisphere.
VERAISON
Weed Management
Weed management is very important for vine production. In fact, if weeds are too present, they compete with the vine, particularly for water and mineral elements. Several methods are possible for managing weeds : -Ground work, by moving the ground to bury the weeds. Many tools are possible : plow, intercep, weeder,... it is called mechanical weeding. - Chemical weeding : which consists of spraying products, weedkiller, on weeds in the plot. -Plant cover crop : the different species of plants will compete with weeds, there will be a suffocation effect. Combining mechanical and chemical methods makes it possible to have more efficiency while preserving the environment because the doses are reduced. In the vineyard of Sancerre, we use a lot of dicots : amaranthus, chenopodium, geranium, senecio, thistle, bindweed,... and monocots too : rye-grass, elytrigia repens, vulpia and annual bluegrass for the most common.
weed management
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NEBBIOLO is the superstar grape variety behind the top-quality red wines across northwestern Italy. Nebbiolo wines are often distinctively perfumed with an aroma described as "tar and roses"
"A bottle of wine contains more philosophy than all the books in the world" Louis Pasteur
Rootstock By Corentin & Pedro_IA2A VO_2023-2024
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Historical fact
Goblet training remains prevalent in Mediterranean areas such as southern France (e.g., Beaujolais, Languedoc), Italy, and Spain . In the New World, it was widely adopted in California between the 1850s and 1920s and continues to be used in regions like Australia and South Africa for drought-resistant, low-intervention farming .
"Wine rejoices the heart of man and JOY is the mother of all virtues" Wolfgang Von Goethe
The sweetness of wine is REDUCED when you chill it. Red wine, however, loses its fruity flavour if it becomes too warm
Sources
Trellising By Antonin & Clotilde_IA2A VO_2023-2024
Gobelet By Anna & Ewen_IA2A VO_2022-2023
Riesling By David & Gervais_IA2A VO_2023-2024
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Screw caps on wine bottles were popularised in Australia and New ZEALAND.
Stilt Driving By Yohan & Guillaume_LP PVIEE_2023-2024
"Every EMPTY bottle is filled with stories" Unknown
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"Wine is sunlight HELD together by water" Galileo Galilei
Trimming By Vincent & Arthur_LP PVIEE_2023-2024
Flowering By Adrien & Félix_LP PVIEE_2023-2024
More information
In this system, vines are pruned to form a short trunk with multiple arms radiating outward, creating a cup-like shape that promotes balanced canopy growth and natural shade for grape clusters. 💡This technique is particularly effective in hot, arid regions, as it minimizes leaf surface area, reducing water loss and shielding grapes from excessive sun exposure .
Sources
"I drink to make other people more INTERESTING" Ernest Hemingway
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Weed Management By Célia & Léo Paul_LP PVIEE_2023-2024
Mating Disruption By Margaux & Zoé_LP PVIEE_2023-2024
Malbec By Corentin & Pedro_IA2A VO_2023-2024
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Veraison By David & Gervais_IA2A VO_2023-2024
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You need to DRINK 7 glasses of orange juice or 20 glasses of apple juice in order to get the same amount of antioxidants as in wine.
In 2016, white wine outsold red wine in the UNITED KINGDOM.
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"Be careful to TRUST a person who does not like wine" Karl Marx
"Men are like wine - some turn to VINEGAR but the best improve with age" Pope John XXIII
QUAGLIANO. An Italian red variety often used in low alcohol still and sparkling wines
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Pergola By Zoé, Emilien & Sébastien_IA2A VO_2023-2024
"Wine brings to light the hidden secrets of the SOUL" Horace
Sources
"Beer is made by men and wine by GOD" Martin Luther
"Good wine is a good FAMILIAR creature if it is well used" William Shakespeare
Sources
Gobelet By Anna & Ewen_IA2A VO_2022-2023
Gobelet By Anna & Ewen_IA2A VO_2022-2023
"Wine is bottled POETRY" Robert Louis Stevenson
"Wine is the most CIVILISED thing in the world" Ernest Hemingway
"More wine, less WHINE" Anonymous
A glass of good wine has a LENGTHY, more LINGERING aftertaste.
As fungi, YEASTS are eukaryotic organisms. They typically are about 0.075 mm (0.003 inch) in diameter and have many forms, from spherical to egg-shaped to filamentous.
In the MIDDLE AGES, churches and monasteries produced the bulk of wines available
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The world’s OLDEST bottle of wine was found near the town of Speyer, Germany. It dates before to A.D. 325
XNISTERI – A white grape variety from Cypress
There are a KNOWN 10,000 grape varieties throughout the world
Gobelet By Anna & Ewen_IA2A VO_2022-2023
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There are approximately 400 species of oak, but only 20 of them are used in making oak BARRELS.
Sources